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Appendices 
Fatigue Limit State (FLS) 
The FLS is an ultimate limit state. However, because of its importance, it is often mentioned 
separately. 
In the fatigue limit state, in particular, sustainability issues relevant to service life that serve to 
calculate time-dependent component resistance and, hence, determine the mathematical 
service life, are taken into consideration (e. g. alternating loads). 
This limit state has been reached when, with regard to the foundation, the sum of the loads on 
the subsoil have led to a reduction in either the stiffness or the firmness of the subsoil or parts 
of it, so that the stability and/or the serviceability of the foundation of the structure can no lon 
ger be guaranteed. 
Foundation 
The foundation is the connection of a structure to a good load-bearing subsurface so that the 
settling of the soil remains within acceptable limits. 
Foundation Elements 
The foundation elements are those design components that serve to position the support 
structure, in general the substructure, on or to anchor it into the subsoil. They distribute the 
necessary ensuing force safely, sustainably and with acceptable displacements and deforma 
tions, into the subsoil. 
Geotechnical Expert 
During the BSH approval procedure, the geotechnics expert is responsible for the ground in 
vestigation, examination and assessment which are part of the basic planning documentation 
for the objects included in the construction project on behalf of the applicant or approval hol 
der. His/her tasks, in particular, result from the BSH Standard Ground Investigations, PartA4 
and C4.1 
Geotechnical Planning Expert 
Special expert with expertise and experience in the field of geotechnics and head of the geo 
technical design department. On behalf of the designer, he/she compiles the geotechnical 
contributions on the design of the foundation of the structures (must demonstrate expert 
knowledge and experience in the appropriate field of geotechnics) (please refer to BSH Stan 
dard Ground Investigations, Part C 4.1) 
Grout 
Grout (please refer to grouting) or concrete 
Grouted Joint 
A grouted joint is a connection between two steel pipes fitted into each other, whereby the 
gap in between these pipes is filled with mortar (for example, between the monopile and the 
transition piece that leads to the tower). 
Grouting 
Low-viscosity, high-strength grouting or concrete that may be used to bond structural com 
ponents. 
Implementation 
Implementation refers to the physical deployment of the components into the maritime envi 
ronment, from the base port to the location of the structure at sea.