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European. In the autumn [of] 2002 then, in an 
attempt to remedy the failures of its 
predecessors, inspired by the Montreal 
Convention and with the aim of truly arriving 
at the establishment of an international 
liability regime, a diplomatic conference held 
under the auspices of the IMO . . . succeeded 
on 1 November 2002 in updating the Athens 
Convention by a protocol. The new 
convention as amended by the 2002 London 
Protocol will replace the 1974 convention 
which is henceforth renamed the "Athens 
Convention relating to the Carriage of 
Passengers and their Luggage by Sea 1974, as 
last amended by the London Protocol 2002." 55 
The development of international rules on passenger 
rights has progressed at a slow rate, which has prompted 
Europe to take action on the EU level prior to the entry into 
force of the PAL 2002. 
C. The PLR, its Annexes, and the PAL 2002 
Since 2012, there has been a regional European legal 
regime that is nearly identical to the legal regime that came 
into existence after the 2002 amendments to the Athens 
Convention became binding globally in 2014. The EU's 
passenger law is heavily influenced by Public International 
55 Id. at 207-208 (footnotes omitted).