Ocean Dynamics 
Ô Springer 
63°N 
60°N 
57 N 
54°N 
63°N 
60°N 
57°N 
CD 
~0 54°N 
43 66°N 
05 
60 N 
57°N 
54°N 
66°N 
BSH CMOD i 
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12°E 16°E 20°E 24°E 28°E 
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57°N 
66°N 
63°N 
60°N 
57 N 
BSH HBM 
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12°E 16°E 20°E 24°E 28°E 
63°N 
57°N 
54°N 
66°N 
SMHI_HIROMB_NS03 
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60°N 
57°N 
54°N 
12°E 16°E 20°E 24°E 28°E 
FMI_HBM_hirlam 
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12°E 16°E 20°E 24°E 28°E 
66° N 
12°E 16°E 20°E 24°E 28°E 
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2014 
12 E 16 E 20 E 24 E 28 U E 
12 E 16 E 20 E 24 E 28 U E 
Longitude 
Fig. 13 Spatial distribution of the RMSD from the individual ensemble members and the MME mean (bottom cento) in the Baltic Sea in July 2014 
The large release of freshwater from the Baltic Sea is indi 
cated by large salinity gradients in the Skagerrak and Kattegat. 
Brackish outflow from the Baltic Sea to the Kattegat and high- 
saline waters entering the Skagerrak give rise to strong salinity 
gradients at the surface (Gustafsson 1997a, b; Rodhe 1998). 
The standard deviation for this region is about 4, but with 
maximum values in the Northern Skagerrak of almost 9 
(Fig. 14). As mentioned in Sect. 2.1, the models cover differ 
ent domains and some of them do not include the Baltic Sea. 
The eastern lateral boundaries of those models, and thus the 
Baltic outflow, are defined as river inputs in the North Sea. 
The largest area with average standard deviations greater than 
1 is located in the region off the southern Norwegian coast, where 
the extension of low-salinity water from the coast varies daily.