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data collection system on this station has been changed to a modern and homogeneous sys 
tem, now generally used throughout Germany. 
Due to its long term data records and its representativness for the northern part of Germany 
Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel has been selected as a National Reference Station in May 2008. 
Lindenberg: 
The Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory - Richard Assmann Observatory (MOL-RAO) 
was established in 1905 by Richard Assmann, the discoverer of the stratosphere, and it be 
gan taking measurements in the same year. In the years 1956 and 1971, the observa 
tion/measurement site has consecutively moved by around 200 m. Semi-automatic operation 
began already in 1992. Like the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel station, this station automatically 
measures air temperature at heights of 2 m and 5 cm, along with ground temperature, hu 
midity, air pressure, wind direction and wind speed, precipitation and sunshine duration. 
Due to its long term data records and its representativness for the eastern part of Germany 
Lindenberg has been selected as a National Reference Station in May 2008. 
Frankfurt/Main: 
The meteorological station is located at Frankfurt airport, 12 km southwest of the city centre. 
The first meteorological measurements have been taken in December 1947. After nine 
years, in 1956 the station has been moved 800 m to the southeast. Since then, the station is 
located at the eastern part of the airport, between the two runways and the highway A5. The 
semi-automatic operation started already in 1984. Due to its long term data records and its 
representativeness for the centre of Germany, Frankfurt/Main has been selected as a Na 
tional Reference Station in May 2008. 
Hohenpeissenberg: 
Measurements at the Hohenpeissenberg Meteorological Observatory started in 1781, within 
the framework of the Societas Meteorologica Palatina. This station has undergone the transi 
tion to semi-automatic operation in 1993. Since then, the station has automatically recorded 
air temperature at heights of 2 m and 5 cm, along with ground temperature, humidity, air 
pressure, wind direction and wind speed, precipitation and sunshine duration. 
Due to its long term data records and its representation to the low mountain range of Germa 
ny Hohenpeissenberg has been selected as a National Reference Station in May 2008. 
Neumayer: 
Since March 1981 a meteorological observatory programme is carried out continuously at 
Neumayer Station (GvN, 70°37’S, 8°22’W). On March 16, 1992 the programme has been 
extended and transferred to the second Neumayer Station (NM II, 70°39’S, 8°15’W), in close 
proximity to the former one. The snow-covered Neumayer II station was located on an ice 
shelf of 200 metres thickness which is almost completely flat. Today, since February 20, 
2009, the third station (Neumayer III, 70°40’S, 8°16’W) with the meteorological observatory is 
an integral part of many international networks, mostly associated with the World Meteoro 
logical Organization (WMO). 
As far as possible, all stations within DWD and AWI network comply with the GCMPs. The 
effects of introducing new measuring systems and of changing existing systems are checked 
by DWD via parallel measurements at selected stations. 
Continued operation of GSN and GUAN stations is guaranteed by virtue of their status as 
aeronautical meteorological office or meteorological observatory within the network of Na 
tional Reference Stations. 
2.2.2 Contributions to the GCOS Upper Air Network (GUAN) 
One DWD station in Germany and one AWI-operated station in the Antarctic have been se 
lected to contribute to the GCOS Upper Air Network (GUAN):