164
quantification: 0.01 ng/L) (Chernyak et al., 1996). Although trifluralin is subjected to
rapid atmospheric and photochemical degradation, the authors attributed the observed
trifluralin concentrations to long-range atmospheric transport. No data on trifluralin
concentrations in sediments from the North and Baltic Seas are available.
Trifluralin is a licensed product, which is used as a herbicide in most European
countries. Approximately 3200 t is used annually in the EU, the most important users
being France (1600 t/a) and the UK (657 t/a) (OSPAR background document, 2004). In
1995, 100 to 200 t of the product was used in Germany.
6.3 Applied Methodology
6.3.1 State of the art of analysis
As the target compounds have been commercially available for a long time, several
analytical methods for their determination are described in literature. Most methods are
based on GC procedures with different detectors, such as ECD, NPD and MS. MS has
been used both with electron impact ionisation (El) and negative chemical ionisation
(NCI). A selected list of relevant recent publications has been compiled in Table 65.
Table 65: Overview of detection methods for the target compounds
Compound
Detection method
Matrix
LOD
Source
Chlorpyrifos
MS (El)
sediment
1 pg/kg dw
(Yim et al., 2002)
MS (NCI)
water
1-10 pg/L
(Liapis et al., 2000)
Dicofol
MS (NCI)
water
1-10 pg/L
(Liapis et al., 2000)
Endosulfan I
ECD
water
0.0185 pg/L
(Lipidoki, 2003)
and II
MS (NCI)
water
1-10 pg/L
(Liapis et al., 2000)
PCP
ECD
sediment
0.1 pg/kg
(Wegman et al., 1983)
Trifluralin
ECD
sediment
1 Pg/kg
(Lee et al., 1983)
MS (NCI)
water
1-10 pg/L
(Liapis et al., 2000)
Liapis (Liapis et al., 2000) described the simultaneous determination of chlorpyrifosethyl
and -methyl, dicofol, endosulfan I and II, and trifluralin in water samples after
