11 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
Germany 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Poland 
Russia 
Sweden 
Hospitals, 
3 
118 
18 
Discharge point directly in the Baltic 
Sea 
No 
Yes 
Discharge data or produced amount 
given in tonnes 
- 
Yes 
Hospitals, 
14 
Discharge point in rivers or lakes 
draining into the Baltic Sea 
Yes 
Discharge data or produced amount 
given in tonnes 
Yes 
Laboratories, open sources 
6 
343 
Discharge point in the Baltic Sea 
No 
Discharge data or produced amount 
given in tonnes 
- 
Laboratories, closed sources 
141 
Discharge point in the Baltic Sea 
No 
Discharge data or produced amount 
given in tonnes 
- 
Industries, 
Discharge point in the Baltic Sea 
Discharge data or produced amount 
given in tonnes 
Industries, 
Discharge point in rivers or lakes 
draining into the Baltic Sea 
Discharge data or produced amount 
given in tonnes 
Table 3: 
Table summarising other non 
nuclear facilities (e.g. hospitals, 
laboratories or industries 
producing or working with 
radioactive materials). 
Source 
137 Cs 
TBq 
Percentage of 
total input 
“Sr 
TBq 
Percentage of 
total input 
1 . Chernobyl accident 1141 
/ incl. river discharges 51 
4,700 / 
300 
82 
80 
13 
2. Nuclear weapons tests 61 
800 
14 
500 
81 
3. Discharges from sources located outside the Baltic Sea 2)31 
250 
4 
40 
6 
4. Discharges into the Baltic Sea 1) , Cumulative amount up to 2006 
1.5 
0.03 
0.73 
0.1 
” based on measurements 
21 estimated 
31 according to Nies et al. 1995 
41 according to Nielsen et al. 1999 
51 according to llus& llus, 2000 
® according to Nielsen (pers. comm.) 
Table 4: 
Total inputs of ,37 Cs and 
“Sr into the Baltic Sea from 
different sources. 
2.3 Discharges from facilities located 
outside the Baltic Sea 
2.3.1 Nuclear reprocessing plants 
Small proportions of the discharges from 
Sellafield, situated on the west coast of 
England and discharging into the Irish Sea, 
and La Hague, situated on the northwest 
coast of France and discharging into the 
English Channel, are transported by the 
inflow of saline water through the Danish 
Straits into the Baltic Sea. The transport 
times for these radionuclides are about 4-5 
years for discharges into the Irish Sea from 
Sellafield, and about 2 years for discharges 
into the English Channel from La Hague 
(Nies et al. 1995). Model calculations indicate 
that only about 4% of the discharges from 
Sellafield and about 8% of the discharges 
from La Hague reach the Skagerrak. Due to 
the efficient mixing of water masses in the 
Kattegat and the Belt Sea, most of this activity 
returns to the Skagerrak and only about 1% 
enters the Baltic Sea (Nielsen et al. 1995). 
See Figures 11 and 12. 
2.3.2 Chernobyl accident 
Since April 1986 the accident at the Chernobyl 
NPP has been the main source of man-made 
radioactivity in the Baltic Sea (Table 4). 
The total input of 137 Cs from the Chernobyl 
accident into the Baltic Sea area was esti 
mated at 4,500 TBq by the CEC (1991). This 
estimate was later adjusted to 4,700 TBq 
(Nielsen et al. 1999). The HELCOM/MORS 
Expert Group estimated in its Joint Report of 
1995 that 4,100-5,100 TBq of 137 Cs and 80 
TBq of 90 Sr (decay-corrected to 1991) entered 
the Baltic Sea as a consequence of the Cher 
nobyl accident (Nies et al. 1995). The deposi 
tion of fallout from Chernobyl was very une- 
Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 117