Dr. Gr et el Sa tow: Das Bodeneis in der Arktis. Tatsachen nncl Hypothesen. 
29 
e) Dali: The ice-face might be thirty feet in height: 
The ice face near the beach was not uniform. In many places it was covered with clay to the 
water‘s edge. In others where the bank was less than ten feet high, the turf hat bent without break 
ing after being unterminecl, and presented a mossy and herbaceous front, curving over quite to high- 
water mark. 
The ice in general had a semi-stratified appearance, as if it still retained the horizontal plane in 
which it originally congealed. The surface was always soiled by dirty water from the earth above. 
This dirt was however merely superficial. The outer inch or two of the ice seemed granular, like com- 
pakted hail, and was sometimes whitish. The inside was solid and transparent, or slightly yellowtinged. 
like peat water, but never greenish or bluish like glacier ice. But in many places the ice presented 
the aspect of immense cakes or fragments irregularly disposed, over which it appeared as if the clav 
etc. had been deposited. Small pinacles of ice ran up into the clay in some places, and. above, holes 
were seen in the face of the clay-bank, where it looked as if a detached fragment of ice had been and 
had been melted out. leaving its mold in the clay quite perfect. 
In other places the ice was penetrated with deep holes, into which the clay and vegetable matter 
had been deposited in lagers, and which (the ice melting away from around them) appeared as clay 
and much cylinders on the ic-e-face. (19. S. 26Ü). 
d) Quakenbush: Quakenbush besuchte als letzter 1907/08 die Eschscholtzbay-Vorkommen. Sein 
Verdienst beruht darin, daß er außer einer knappen, klaren Schilderung als erster eine Karte vom 
Elephant Point, von der Verbreitung der „Pleistocene deposits of very fine, grayish, micaceous silts 
or clay"’ und von den Hügeln, die von diesen Quartärablagerungen gebildet werden, geliefert hat. 
„At the base of Elephant Point the bluff is about fifteen feet high rising, less than a mile to the 
west, to the altitude of one hundred and twenty feet and gradually descending to a height of twenty 
feet at the opposite end. (s. Abb. in 95). Several small streams have cut deep valleys well bade to 
ward the ridge and divide the bluff into five main hills (Hill l to 5). Hill 1. 2, 3 are at present being 
rapidly worn away. The bluff is perpendicular only at the beaver dam and the eastern end of hill 3. 
There are 14 masses of pure ice . . . exposed in these two hills ... (1 and 2). The largest is about 100 
feet in length and the smallest 15 feet: in vertical thickness they vary from 1 to 8 feet; that is, this 
amount is exposed . . . One is a wedge-shaped mass, which may be called a „dicke*'. 7 feet high, 2 feet 
wide at the bottom, and 5 feet across the top . . . One of the largest ice lagers had a length of 
about 75 feet. Beneath the mud slide solid ice was traced forward to the horizontal distance of 30 feet, 
and taking the angle of the mud slope into consideration it appears that the entire thickness of pure ice 
is at least 18 feet, of which the upper 8 feet is exposed. Another exposure is 10 feet in thickness and 
its horizontal -base rests on silt at an attitude of 50 feet. 
The ice is distributed in apparently isolated masses at various elevations from the beach to the 
top of the bluff, but some of these glaciers are very nearly on the same level and may have been 
connected in the portion of the bluff now wasted away, and they may also be still connected within 
remaining deposit. The ice is not confined to the face of the bluff, where it might have formed in 
cracks, but in the cases of the ice-wall ... it evidently extends back into the frozen silt.“ 
Bei seiner Rückkehr fand er an den Kliffs mancherlei Veränderungen, so daß Quakenbush seine 
Anschauungen über die Dicke des Eises korrigieren mußte. 
..Other changes noted were the complete disappearance, by melting of the vertical exposures of the 
two glaciers at the slides of the beaver dam, which left clean walls of frozen silt in their places, 
these ice masses could therefore not have been more than 2 or 5 feet thick (horizontally) in 1907.“ 
Ueber die Struktur des Eises beobachtete er folgendes: 
„One small clear glacier embedded in silt showed a distinct line of stratification running horizon 
tally across the middle. Pieces of ice cut out from the cliff glaciers at a space of a foot or more from 
the exposed surfaces were full of round, oval, or much-elongatecl air bubbles or cavities . . . Fragments 
of ice taken from the glaciers, ice dikes, and ice cracks, melted, when exposed to the sun. so as to 
show a polyhedral, granular structure at the surface, and these granules could usually be easily rub 
bed off with the finger: they averaged about three sixteenths or one quarter of an inch in diameter.